Research & Data
US States, Counties & Cities
US ZIP Codes
National Housing Market Conditions
Review the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) reports highlighting key statistics and trends in the housing market
The Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) publishes monthly and quarterly reports on the health of the housing market.
American Community Survey (ACS)
Access U.S. housing metrics from the Census Bureau's latest (2023) American Community Survey
Retrieve key household indicators from the across ZIP codes, counties, tracts, and metropolitan areas for deeper market insights.
Fair Market Rents
Explore the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Fair Market Rent data for insights into rental benchmarks
FMRs determine rental percentiles that guide payment standards and rent limits for Housing Choice Vouchers, HOME-assisted units, and flat rents in Public Housing.
HOME Rent Limits
Explore the Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) annual rent limit data for affordable housing programs.
HUD official HOME rent limits set the maximum allowable rents for HOME-assisted units, helping to ensure affordability for low- and very low-income households.
Property Tax Rates by State & County
Determine the property taxes for a real estate asset based on jurisdiction-specific rates
Help investors, brokers, and property owners accurately evaluate their tax obligations and compare markets with confidence.
Address Distribution Across Census Tracts
Retrieve residential, business, and total address ratios at the ZIP code level from the Department of Housing and Urban Development
Explore granular ZIP code–level housing data, analyze trends across quarters and years, and gain insights into residential and commercial address distributions.
Income & Valuation Metrics
Fixed-Rate Mortgage Amortization
Calculate the repayment schedule of a fixed-rate loan over time
Break down each payment into interest and principal portions to understand total costs, equity buildup, and long-term cash flow planning.
Cash Flow Analysis
Analyze a property's income-generating potential over time
Evaluate annual cash flow, returns, and equity growth to better understand an investment's earning capacity.
Effective Gross Income (EGI)
Show the true income a property generates after operating expenses
Provide an accurate revenue baseline by factoring in vacancy, concessions, and other income adjustments.
Net Operating Income (NOI)
Measure a property's income after operating costs but before financing
Show the core profitability of an asset, helping investors evaluate performance and compare properties regardless of financing structures.
Capitalization Rate (Cap Rate)
Estimate the unleveraged return of a property based on its income and value
Offer a quick way to compare potential returns across various markets and property types, facilitating informed pricing and acquisition decisions.
Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM)
Show how quickly rental income can cover a property's purchase price
Offer a rapid screening tool for identifying potentially substantial investments without detailed expense analysis.
Price per Square Foot (PPSF)
Show how much value is assigned to each unit of space
Allow professionals to benchmark pricing across properties and identify assets that are over- or undervalued.
Rent per Square Foot (RPSF)
Show how much rent is earned from each unit of space
Enable comparison of income potential across markets and property sizes, especially for commercial leasing.
Yield on Cost
Estimate an investment return based on total costs rather than market value
Help developers and value-add investors assess whether expected income justifies the capital invested.
Cash Flow–Specific Metrics
Annual Cash Flow
Show the yearly income remaining after all expenses and financing
Help investors understand the actual profit they can expect to take home from a property over a full year.
Monthly Cash Flow
Show the monthly income remaining after all expenses and financing
Assist in monitoring ongoing performance and ensuring short-term liquidity is sufficient for operations.
Cash Flow per Unit
Show the income generated per individual rental unit
Enable comparisons between multi-family properties with different sizes and configurations.
Return on Investment Metrics
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Measure the annualized return of an investment over its full life
Incorporate all cash flows and the sale of the property to project long-term profitability.
Equity Multiple
Show how many times the initial investment has been returned
Offer a simple way to gauge total investment performance without annualizing returns.
Cash-on-Cash Return
Show the annual income produced relative to the cash invested
Allow investors to evaluate how efficiently their invested capital is generating income quickly.
Leveraged vs Unleveraged IRR
Compare returns with and without financing effects
Highlight how debt impacts profitability and risk, helping investors choose optimal capital structures.
Payback Period
Show how long it takes to recover the original investment
Provide a straightforward measure of investment risk and speed of capital recovery.
Financing & Risk Metrics
Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
Show how comfortably a property can cover its loan payments
Help lenders and investors assess the safety of the income stream relative to debt obligations.
Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)
Show the proportion of a property's value that is financed with debt
Indicate lender exposure and influence loan terms and interest rates.
Break-Even Ratio (BER)
Show the income needed to cover all expenses and debt
Help determine the amount of revenue required to avoid losses under various market conditions.
Break-Even Occupancy
Show the occupancy rate required to cover all costs
Offer a risk benchmark to evaluate vulnerability to vacancy and income loss.
Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR)
Show the ability to meet interest expenses from operating income
Assist in evaluating whether income levels are sufficient to maintain debt payments comfortably.
Debt Yield
Show the income return relative to the loan amount
Help lenders assess risk by focusing on income performance independent of property value.
Operational Health Metrics
Operating Expense Ratio (OER)
Show the share of income consumed by operating costs
Highlight efficiency or inefficiency in property management and cost control.
Vacancy Rate
Show the percentage of unoccupied space in a property
Provide a snapshot of demand and directly influence income projections.
Economic Occupancy
Show the income collected as a percentage of potential income
Physical Occupancy
Show the proportion of units that are physically occupied
Offer a straightforward measure of tenant presence that does not consider rent collection.
Turnover Rate
Show the rate at which tenants leave a property each year
Identify potential costs and downtime associated with frequent tenant changes.
Maintenance Cost Ratio
Show the share of income spent on maintenance
Help identify whether upkeep costs are impacting profitability or operational health.
Disposition & Exit Metrics
Net Sales Proceeds
Show the cash remaining after selling a property and paying costs
Help investors forecast final returns and determine the actual gain from a sale.
Sale Price per Cap Rate
Show the implied sale price based on projected income and market rates
Assist in setting exit targets and evaluating market timing.
Profit Margin on Sale
Show the percentage of the sale price that is profit
Help evaluate the overall success and efficiency of the investment strategy.
Return on Cost
Show the total profit relative to all invested capital
Allow a final comparison between total costs and net proceeds to measure investment efficiency.
Risk & Cushion Metrics
Operating Reserve Ratio
Show the financial cushion available relative to annual costs
Indicate how long operations can continue during periods of income disruption.
Expense Growth Rate
Show the annual rate at which operating costs increase
Assist in forecasting future expenses and preserving profitability.
Rent Growth Rate
Show the annual rate at which rental income changes
Help project revenue trends and market competitiveness.
Sensitivity Analysis
Show how changes in key variables affect investment outcomes
Assist in stress-testing scenarios to prepare for market shifts or cost changes.